Hackers And Ethical Hackers

Programmers And Ethical Hackers Digital security is one of the most basic parts of security that any association in the cutting edge world must be worried about. Why? For the most part as a result of Black-cap Hackers. The accompanying survey is a general conversation about programmers and its best countermeasure, Ethical Hacking. The explanation I picked this subject is on the grounds that it is of extraordinary enthusiasm to me, as I some time or another need to be an Ethical programmer also. Survey The word programmer in the past was characterized as an individual who cherishes playing an around with programming or electronic frameworks. They needed to find new things on how PCs work. Today the term programmer has an alternate importance inside and out. It expresses that a programmer is somebody who perniciously breaks into frameworks for individual increase. In fact, these lawbreakers are wafers (criminal programmers). Saltines break into (split) frameworks with noxious plan. They are out for individual addition: distinction, benefit, and even retribution. They adjust, erase, and take basic data, regularly making others hopeless. (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure 2004, p10) Most of the writing I read give the meaning of the word programmer as recently expressed or to mean for the most part something very similar. The historical backdrop of hacking goes back to the 1960s when a gathering of individuals in MIT hack the control frameworks of model trains to make them run quicker, more adequately or uniquely in contrast to they were intended to. (Diminish T. Leeson, Christopher J. Coyne, 2006). In light of such action by these people PC proprietors and chiefs removed their entrance to PCs. Accordingly the hacking network concocted their own code known as the programmer ethic: 1. Access to PCs - and anything which may show you something the manner in which the world works ought to be boundless and all out. Continuously respect the Hands-On Imperative! 2. All data ought to be free. 3. Question Authority Promote Decentralization. 4. Programmers ought to be decided by their hacking, not sham measures, for example, degrees, age, race or position. 5. You can make craftsmanship and magnificence in a PC. 6. PCs can transform yourself to improve things. (Paul A Taylor, 2005) The above code is still followed today and by programmers as well as by others too. Not all programmers today have a similar degree of mastery. Contingent upon the brain science and abilities of a programmer they can be placed into four groups.(M.G. Siriam) Old School Hackers is one gathering and they accept that the web ought to be an open framework. Content kiddies is another and they are PC learners that utilization instruments made by proficient programmers to hack frameworks. The greater part of the programmers today fit into this gathering. The following gathering is proficient hoodlums or saltines. They break into frameworks to take and selling data they assembled.. The last gathering is coders and infection essayists. They are tip top people with an exceptionally high ability in programming and working frameworks that compose code and utilize others accountable for discharging their code to nature. Associations and establishments today are under a great deal of worry to shield their data from outside just as interior security dangers to their PC frameworks. As such a large portion of them have thought of the arrangement of employing Ethical Hackers. To get a cheat, you should take on a similar mindset as a criminal. That is the reason for moral hacking. Realizing your adversary is completely basic (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p13). In different wards Ethical programmers (white-cap programmers) are experienced security and system specialists that play out an assault on an objective framework with consent from the proprietors, to discover provisos and vulnerabilities that different programmers could misuse. This procedure is additionally known has Red Teaming, Penetration Testing or Intrusion Testing. (www.networkdictionary.com) The ultimate objective of moral programmers is to learn framework vulnerabilities with the goal that they can be fixed for network personal circu mstance and as a side-item likewise the benefit of everyone of the people.(Bryan Smith, William Yurcik, David Doss, 2002) Each Ethical programmer ought to adhere to three significant guidelines as follows: Firstly Working Ethically. All activities performed by the moral programmer should bolster the associations objectives that he works for. Reliability is a definitive precept. The abuse of data is totally prohibited. Also Respecting Privacy as all data that a moral programmer accumulates must be treated with the most extreme regard. At long last Not Crashing Your Systems. This is for the most part because of no earlier arranging or having not perused the documentation or in any event, abusing the utilization and intensity of the security apparatuses available to them. (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p16-17) The fundamental assaults or techniques that a moral programmers or even programmers perform are of as follows: Non Technical Attacks: Regardless of how made sure about an association is as far as programming and equipment, it will consistently be helpless against security dangers on the grounds that securitys most vulnerable connection are individuals or its representatives. Social building is a kind of non specialized assault where programmers abuse the confiding in nature of people to pick up data for malevolent purposes. Different assaults can be of physical nature, for example, taking equipment gear or dumpster jumping. Working System Attack: Hacking a working framework (OS) is a favored technique for the trouble makers. Operating system assaults make up an enormous bit of programmer assaults just in light of the fact that each PC has a working framework and OSes are helpless to some notable exploits.(Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p15) Appropriated forswearing of administration attacks(DDoS): This is the most well known assault utilized by numerous programmers to cut down frameworks. Its a kind of assault that over-burdens the system or server with a lot of traffic so it crashes and renders any entrance to the administration. Web Protocol (IP) satirizing: It is a method of masking the programmers genuine character. This strategy permits a programmer to increase unapproved access to PCs by making an impression on a PC with an IP address indicating that the message is from a confided in have. To achieve this, a programmer must utilize various apparatuses to discover an IP address of a confided in host, and afterward adjust the bundle headers so apparently the parcels are originating from the host. (Tanase 2003). The procedure of moral hacking contains a wide range of steps. The principal thing that is done is to figure an arrangement. At this stage getting endorsement and approval from the association to play out the entrance test is critical. (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p15). Next the moral programmer utilizes examining apparatuses to perform port sweeps to check for open ports on the framework. When a wafer examines all PCs on a system and makes a system map demonstrating what PCs are running what working frameworks and what administrations are accessible, practically any sort of assault is conceivable (Bryan Smith, William Yurcik, David Doss, 2002) This technique is utilized by programmers too however for predominantly for malignant purposes. In the wake of examining has been done the moral programmer chooses the instruments that will be utilized to play out specific tests on the objective framework. These devices can be utilized for secret key splitting, planting secondary passa ges, SQL infusion, sniffing and so forth. The tests should be painstakingly performed in such a case that they are done inaccurately they could harm the framework and could go unnoticed. (Bryan Smith, William Yurcik, David Doss, 2002) Finally the arrangement should be executed and the aftereffects of the considerable number of tests at that point should be assessed (Kevin Beaver, Stuart McClure, 2004, p22) Based on the outcomes the moral programmer enlightens the association regarding their security vulnerabilities just as how they can be fixed to make it increasingly secure. A dark cap programmer is a kind of programmer that has what it takes and plan of a moral programmer as a rule yet utilizes his insight for not exactly respectable purposes every so often. Dark cap programmers normally buy in to another type of the programmer ethic, which says it is adequate to break into frameworks as long as the programmer doesn't submit burglary or penetrate classification. Some would contend, anyway that the demonstration of breaking into a framework is in itself unethical.(Red Hat, Inc, 2002) Gray caps are likewise a type of good programmers that typically hack into associations frameworks without their consent, yet then at a later stage send them data on the escape clauses in their framework. They additionally at times take steps to discharge the gaps they find except if move has been made to fix it. (Diminish T. Leeson, Christopher J. Coyne, 2006) End Testing the security of a framework by breaking into it's anything but another thought yet is something that is rehearsed in all parts of industry. For instance if a car organization is crash-trying vehicles, or an individual is trying their expertise at hand to hand fighting by competing with an accomplice, assessment by testing enduring an onslaught from a genuine foe is generally acknowledged as prudent.(C.C. Palmer, 2001) Since the security on the Internet is very poor at present, moral hacking is one of the main approaches to approaches to proactively plug widespread security gaps. Until such time a legitimate social structure is established, to separate the heroes (white caps) from the trouble makers (dark caps), a law must not be brought into impact, as this may hazard removing our last any expectation of balancing out barrier and not understand it until it is past the point of no return. At long last, it is dependent upon the general public to consider the social and moral ga uges to apply to the ever-evolving innovation, so significant data doesn't fall into an inappropriate hands for an inappropriate purposes.

Rich World Poor World

Obligation is made when one gathering owes party cash (Sofas, 2005). Much the same as individuals, legislatures of both created and creating countries acquire cash so as to work well and to keep up their economies (George, 1994). Obligation is the financial mode that advances monetary movement in the worldwide market (Lombard, 2004). The procurement of obligation comes through advances, awards and help that are given to created and creating countries by multilateral loan bosses and respective moneylenders George, 1994).These leasers are global foundations, for example, the International Monetary Fund (MIFF), the World Bank (WEB) and other financial organizations (Millet and Toasting, 2004). The worldwide network with their neo-liberal methodology and industrialist thoughts of destroying neediness was through, financial development and improvement (Schaeffer, 2009). Because of expanded benefits (petroleum dollars) made off expanded oil costs creating nations were empowered and some ev en pressured to get cash from created countries in the backtalk's and backtalk (George, 1994).Although their benefits were put resources into Western banks it didn't yield amazing returns subsequently reassuring the worldwide South to gain obligation (George, 1994). The worldwide South got a handle on the chance and acquired cash to propel their framework (streets and dams) and furthermore subsidize modern ventures in their nations Airman, 2006). A few nations even acquired more cash what they required. So sharp the created countries were to get cash that they dismissed any good and moral guidelines they may have had, and allowed credits intentionally, to degenerate governments and military systems (George, 1994).Unfortunately like everything else this spending binge didn't last and went to an abrupt end in the sass's, which even left the United States economy in a downturn (Study Guide, 2012). Creating nations had acquired such a lot of cash that household money and full scale econ omies crumbled, deadening everything Airman, 2006). This made the main global obligation emergency of the unavoidable period (George, 1994). At the point when Mexico reported their failure to make obligation reimbursements in 1982, it stunned the money related network (Ambition, 2004).The effect of the obligation emergency influenced the whole worldwide racket, making premiums rise, product costs to fall, and pay profit to fall (Lombard, 2004). This in the end made it hard for creating countries to make obligation reimbursements. The Western countries acted rapidly and dealt with their economy and for them the obligation emergency was soon finished (George, 1994). Shockingly the obligation emergency and the bad dream for the poor creating nations were a long way from being.In certainty it had just barely started when they wound up confronted with a lot greater obligation than they at first gained this in spite of having made reimbursements since the backtalk's (George, 1994). Despit e the fact that Mexico was the first to default on their obligation alarm (Lombard, 2004). Developing worries for the money related security of the loaning establishments, significant leasers, and global budgetary foundations, looked for new systems to address the loaning models so as to bring obligation help (Millet ; Toasting, 2004).This brought about the usage of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiatives (HIP), and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives, under the oversight of the World Bank and the International Monetary store (Sofas, 2005). As per the MIFF and the World Bank these associations were the response to the wager emergency (Sofas, 2005). The idea that the obligation emergency is finished, is absolutely a fantasy and we will see. This exposition will uncover the causes and effects that came about because of these obligation help associations, and burn the fantasy of the obligation emergency having been addressed.The obligation emergency influenced the lives and dreams of numerous individuals living in creating nations Airman, 2006). Obligation is the same old thing yet as the obligation emergency developed the hole between the rich and poor extended Airman, 2006). A nation obligation isn't simply estimated by the size of their specific obligation, yet in addition plainly how it effects or impacts that country's economy Airman, 2006). A nation GAP (GDP) per capita is likewise an away from of a nations ability to support their obligation, however to likewise guarantee that the wellbeing and prosperity of their residents are met (George, 1994).If this doesn't occur then plainly there is an issue, a monetary one as well as a philanthropic one (George, 1994). This was the outcome for some poor creating nations that prompted the obligation emergency Airman, 2006). In any case, it was not just creating countries that had obligation, United States is the world's greatest indebted person tit $6 trillion being owed at 2002 Airman, 2006). The all ou t obligation owed by creating countries on the planet came to 2. 5 trillion dollars in 1999 Airman, 2006). In Nicaragua (Latin America) their obligation reimbursements in 2004 expended 43% of their absolute income Airman, 2006).Many observers contended that the obligation emergency was likewise because of unreliable loaning by the Western Nations (Millet ; Toasting, 2004). Like the Bhutan atomic force station in the Philippines, that was based on a spring of gushing lava in 1974 Airman, 2006). An unmistakable sign where deceiving counsel caused poor creating overspent to settle on wrong choices Airman, 2006). An atomic force plant that had never at any point been utilized, however an obligation that was caused with intrigue are relied upon to in any case be reimbursed Airman, 2006). What abuse of the poor!The Jubilee 2000 (social equity gathering) entryway's that obligation emergency be perceived and that uncalled for obligation like the Philippines be dropped Airman, 2006). They co ntended that poor nations can't bear to make reimbursements without meeting the fundamental needs (training, food, social insurance) of their residents (Cheer, 2002). They keep up that obligation was led on unreasonable footing and contracted unlawfully (Cheer, 2002). Celebration contends that all obligations be excused in light of the fact that it sustains a level of influence Voluble Debt Campaign, 2007).The answer for the obligation emergency was rebuilding the obligation of creating and created nations (Millet and Toasting, 2004). The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank shaped Structural Adjustments Programmed (SAPS), to give obligation alleviation and get it to economical levels request to look after reimbursements (Millet and Toasting, 2004). SAP's were contingency's set up explicitly for poor creating nations to meet their obligation reimbursement commitments (Cheer, 2002).They squired that poor creating nations raise loan costs, cut government obstructions on exch ange, increment their fare creation and even dropped dies down on neighborhood food creation and social insurance (Cheer, 2002). This was met with analysis and caused shock on the planet. Pundits contended that the West utilized controlling measures to control the financial approaches in the poor creating counters Voluble, 2000). At the point when Jamaica joined with the MIFF and SAP conditionality's, they encountered disastrous effects Airman, 2006).Social help spending dropped half somewhere in the range of 1980 and 1986, joblessness rose, everyday environments crumbled, baby brightening, neediness levels expanded and even school pass rate dropped by half Airman, 20060) Not just poor creating nations had restriction's forced however even created countries like New Zealand encountered the fury of the Miff's Airman, 2006) SAP's were surrendered and the MIFF and World Bank propelled the Highly Indebted Poor nations Initiative (HIP) in 1996 (Cheer, 2002).The HIP was executed to go abo ut as a global alleviation component, so as to diminish two-sided, multilateral and business obligation to a â€Å"sustainable level† in poor creating provinces (Cannot and Mammogram, 2009). The guideline objective was to pay off past commitments loads and to guarantee that no poor nation through rebuilding was undermined, that would make them default on their obligation reimbursements (Cannot and Mammogram, 2009). At the end of the day, their main goal was to help in a specific way and afterward guarantee that the banks loan specialists despite everything got their money!Just like the SAP's, the Hip's drive accompanied contingency's (Cohen, 2000). The qualification standards necessitated that a nation be poor, have no impractical obligation trouble and have a transformed arrangements track record, all under the direction of the MIFF and the World Bank, obviously (Cohen, 2000). This qualification procedure was additionally forced with greater contingency's until a nation went to the â€Å"completion point† (George, 1994). The HIP was met with analysis on the grounds that lone 30 nations profited under the HIP instinctive, and that the qualification procedure took too long making further risk poor creating nations (Cohen, 2000).The â€Å"one size fits all† thought was tragically not working, since they neglected to address the main problems of the failure of nations having the option to accommodate the essential needs of their residents Airman, 2006). Celebration activists forced the MIFF and the World Bank with a request at the 68, with the mission to discount all obligation totally (Cohen, 2000). The improved HIP activity was then propelled and executed. The upgraded HIP activity was to give more grounded, quicker, more profound and more extensive obligation alleviation (Cohen, 2000). The 67 and respective banks guaranteed 100% obligation alleviation for profoundly obliged poor nations (Cohen, 2000).This was shockingly vacant guarantees. Further fights and strain to â€Å"drop the debt† prompted Millennium Development Goals (MEG) being propelled in 2000, as a benchmark for estimating the decrease of destitution (Sofas, 005). Meg's were objectives set to destroy extraordinary appetite and neediness, to accomplish widespread instruction, advance sexual orientation fairness and engage ladies, lessen youngster mortality, improve material wellbeing, battle HIVE/AIDS, jungle fever and different maladies, guarantee ecological maintainability and build up a worldwide association for improvement (Sofas, 2005).In combination to this the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MIDI) was propelled

Itinerary IAP 2017

Itinerary IAP 2017 2016 - 2017 On Tuesday the 3rd, I packed up what was left of 2016 into several boxes. I left it all behind in Boston as I embarked on my first trip of 2017, bringing along one suitcase and carry on. It was all that I could and wanted to manage on an eventful month-long excursion around the country. I carried with me, too, my New Years resolution(s). My one goal for 2017? To get back on a normal sleep schedule. Normal, meaning not going to bed at 3am and waking up just in time for lunch. Still a work in progress Ill keep you guys updated. BOS - DAY On Wednesday the 4th, after my last practice on home ice at the Skating Club of Boston, I left for Oxford, Ohio, for the 2017 John and Nellie Wooden Institute at Miami University. For four days, two of my fellow fraternity brothers and I joined Betas from other chapters across the U.S. and immersed ourselves in the fundamentals of principled leadership and reflected upon the heritage and ritual of Beta Theta Pi. We immediately bonded with one another and engaged in deep discussions on a variety of fraternity, and non-Greek-life, topics. It was one of the most impactful experiences of my life, a testament to our shared values and principles that we seek to live by as Betas. DAY - NYC On Sunday the 8th, I flew into NYC and settled down in an apartment in Manhattan with three of my friends from MIT also externing in the city for the month. Ill be working on the iOS Team at Priceline.com perhaps Ill get some more efficient travel bookings while Im at it? LGA - CVG On Friday the 13th, I flew back once again to Ohio, this time to Cincinnati for the Miller Nichols Chapter Presidents Leadership Academy. For three days, I joined Beta Chapter Presidents from all around the US and Canada, 136 of them. We immediately engaged in leadership training and officer planning, learning from one another how to become more effective and principled leaders. Im pumped to bring back what Ive learned and the ideas we shared and developed back to my home chapter. CVG - LGA On Sunday the 15th, I flew back to NYC to continue my externship. Monday, I had the day off, so I trekked over to Hakensack, New Jersey to log in some more training. LGA - MCI Right now, on Wednesday the 18th, I await my flight to Kansas City, MO, for the 2017 US Figure Skating Championships. Ive been training hard in the wee hours before my 1.8-mile commute to the office, and Im really excited! MCI - LGA On Sunday the 22nd, Ill be flying back to NYC to finish the last two weeks of my externship. Ill have my one and only weekend in the city on the 29th. Some of my friends from MIT will be stopping by to visit, so Im hoping to make the most out of my time there. NYP - BOS On Friday the February 3rd, Ill be taking the train back to Boston immediately after work, just in time to compete in the 2017 MIT Intercollegiate Competition in solo and team events. Itll be the first time Ive competed for MIT Go Engineers! BOS - MIT On Wednesday, February 8th, Ill start my first day of classes of spring semester. Back to campus, back to the grind, back to my trusty mattress topper Oh, how Ive missed thee! And more importantly, back to having more space than a suitcase and carry on. Keep Calm, and Carry On. Post Tagged #Beta Theta Pi #Figure Skating

Isabella Vigil . Mr.Short . College Composition . 19 March

Isabella Vigil Mr.Short College Composition 19 March 2017 A Spiritual Gain but a Financial Lose Meditation has always been seen as a way to keep the mind and soul healthy. Mediation dates back to 1500 BCE originating in Ancient India. The practice soon started to expand and adapt to other cultures around the world. Some of the earliest references to meditation are found in the Hindu scriptures and it was around the 6th to 5th centuries that other forms of meditation developed into Confucian, Taoist China, and Buddhist India (Taham). This spiritual and religious practice has been around for thousands of years, benefiting many people. However, in the year 2017 mediation no longer feels like a spiritual practice but rather like†¦show more content†¦Research suggests that meditation may physically change the brain and body and could potentially help to improve many health problems and promote healthy behaviors. In a 2012 study, researchers compared brain images from 50 adults who meditate and 50 adults who don’t meditate. Results suggested that people who practiced meditation for many years have more folds in the outer layer of the brain. This process (called gyrification) may increase the brain’s ability to process information (Meditation: In Depth). In many ways, the scientific studies showing how positive mediation has created this craze of mediation. Mediation can be linked to many exercise practices such as yoga. Meditation and yoga go hand in hand. Spending a few minutes of meditating then go into a hard body workout of yoga than ending the class with meditation. Many private yoga studies promote the practice of meditation and yoga increasing prices of their facility. Famous instructor Holly Rilinger is a perfect example. Rilinger has created this workout called â€Å"Calm and Cardio† starting with a five-minute guided meditation and then launches into cardio and strength training intervals using bodyweight and dumbbells. During each song, you alternate between two exercises while moving to the beat of the booming music (Held). She has combined meditation with exercises and is now using this technique of meditation to create an empire. Exercise meditation is not the only thing that is expanding. There are

Business Analysis Marketing Analysis Essay - 782 Words

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Lord of the Flies Critical Analysis Free Essays

In the novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, Golding illustrates many different themes. One of the themes he demonstrates is being away from a civilized society causes a person to become barbaric. Throughout the novel the conflict is demonstrated between Jack and Ralph who represent savagery vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Critical Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now civilization. The ways Golding demonstrates this theme is how the boys’ language changes throughout the story. Also the way their behavior changes, and how they lose their identities through out the novel. One-way William Golding demonstrates the theme is by the change of language. The story is based upon a group of British boys who are stranded on a deserted island. They are all brought up to be proper speaking young adults. Throughout the story the boys have reverted back to a nomadic way of speaking. They don’t speak in complete sentences and they don’t use proper English. Also the way that William Golding talks about the boys has changed throughout the novel. He calls them savages and demoniac figures. â€Å".. savage raised his hand.. † (pg. 148). â€Å"Demoniac figures with faces of white and red and green rushed out howling, so that the littluns fled screaming. † William Golding now classifies them as savages because of their behaviors. Another way that Golding illustrates the theme is by the actions the boys acquire. Jack and his group, the choir boys, enjoy hunting. So in the story they attempt to kill a sow. Once they do they re-enact the hunt. The y saw Robert, a young boy who is stranded on the island, as the pig. They acted as if they were hunting the pig by jabbing Robert with sticks. Jack and his group also beat the other boys up. Jack and his boys tie up Wilfred, another young boy who is stranded on the island, and beat him up. Also Simon, a boy who is a Christ-like figure in the novel, tries telling all of the other boys stranded on the island that there is no beast. The boys mistaken Simon as the beast and kill him. And Roger, a boy who is in Jack’s group, pushed a boulder down a hill and the boulder killed Piggy. Sharpen the stick at both ends† says Jack. He first said this when he wanted to kill the sow; he then says this again when he wants to kill Ralph. Jack and his boys set fire to the island trying to kill Ralph. Claire Rosenfield states, â€Å"the narrative follows the children’s gradual return to the amorality of childhood, a non-innocence which makes them small savages. † Rosenfield is saying that children throughout the narrative turn into savages an d become uncivilized. Compton’s by Britannica says, â€Å"The story portrays a group of school boys isolated on a coral island who gradually abandon all moral constraints and revert to savagery, including ritualistic murder. † Which means that the boys regress into savages and don’t follow morals. â€Å"Each time they re-enact the same event, however there behavior becomes more frenzied, more cruel, less like dramatization or imitation than identification. † A third way that the author portrays the theme of this novel is how the boys lose their identities. They use to all have their own identities then they formed groups. Sam and Eric, these twins, became samneric. All of the little boys became littluns, and all of the older boys became bigguns. Also how the boys paint their faces. They paint their faces red, white and green to in a way change who they are. When they put the paint on they act as if they’re in camouflage. Also when they have the paint on their faces they act as more barbaric. The boys throughout the story lose who they really are. They have no adult supervision or guidance to guide them in the humanitarian aspects. So they lose sight of whom they really are through out the course of time. Lastly, William Golding personifies the theme of this novel by needing rules and law to remain civilized. Each time the boys re-enact the same event it gets more cruel and evil. â€Å"†¦The story shows that laws and rules†¦are necessary to keep the darker side of human nature in line† says W. Meitcke. Meitcke is saying that you need to have laws and rules to keep people in line and civil. If you don’t have any guidelines people get out of hand and become savages who don’t follow moral behavior. How to cite Lord of the Flies Critical Analysis, Papers

Marlow Lie free essay sample

Victorian  viewpoint,  and  often  paints  them  as being  the  embodiment  of  the  more  pure  and  gentle  aspects  of  human  nature. Conrad  makes many  references  to  a  belief  that  women  live  in  an  ideal  world  which  is  separated  from  the  evil side  of  human  nature  explored  in  the  story,  emphasizing  that  they  must  be  protected  from  this darkness  at  all  costs. This  theme  can  be  justified  by  many  details  within  {\em  The  Heart  of Darkness},  but  at  the  same  time  there  are  a  number  of  points  in  the  story  which  stand  in  stark contrast  to  this  portrayal  of  women  as  noble  and  exalted  creatures. One  of  the  first  incident  where  Conrad  discusses  women  in  an  idealized  manner  occurs  in  the very  beginning  of  {\em  The  Heart  of  Darkness},  as  Marlow  is  about  to  depart  for  Africa. During his  final  meeting  with  his  aunt,  she  talks  to  him  of  how  noble  she  feels  the  Companys  attempts to  civilize  the  African  natives  are:  an  opinion  which  makes  her  nephew  rather  uncomfortable. We will write a custom essay sample on Marlow Lie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its  queer,  he  says,  how  out  of  touch  with  truth  women  are. They  live  in  a  world  of  their  own, and  there  has  never  been  anything  like  it,  and  never  can  be. It  is  too  beautiful  altogether,  and  if they  were  to  set  it  up  it  would  go  to  pieces  before  the  first  sunset.   Marlow  believes  that  women cannot  perceive  the  horrors  that  men  are  capable  of  because  they  are  so  distant  from  them  by virtue  of  their  sex. Another  graphic  example  of  this  attitude  comes  when  Marlow  makes  a reference  to  Kurtzs  fiancee,  known  as  his  Intended. He  says  of  her:  Oh,  she  is  out  of it ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­completely. They ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­the  women,  I  mean ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­are  out  of  it ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­should  be  out  of  it. We  must  help  them

Post Civil War Times essays

Post Civil War Times essays After the Civil War, many settlers from the East moved west, the new frontier during the 1860-1890 period. Among those settlers were farmers, miners, railroad builders, and cattlemen who all wanted the rich, vast lands of the West. The movement west occurred because of the following reasons: the railroad companies wanted land to establish railways from the East to the West, farmers felt that the Western land would make them rich, miners wanted the land for the rich silver, gold, and other minerals, and cattlemen wanted to establish the profitable "cattle business" by using the long drive method. The Whites wanted this land no matter what, and they refused to let anything stand in the way of their goals. This led to Indians facing drastic consequences which impacted their way of life, Indian Wars, and the policy of Americanization. The Whites wanted to drive the Indians out of their own lands, and they accomplished this through several ways. One was the destruction of the buffalo, the staff of life for the Indians. The Whites' purposes for exterminating the buffalo were to stall railroad construction, kill for their hides, certain body parts, and/or just for the pure enjoyment of killing these beasts. The Indians needed the buffalo since it provided food, shelter, clothing, weapons, and religious rituals. With most of the buffalo dead, the Indians lacked the necessities of life. Therefore there was a decline of the Indian population. Another way was the diseases of the White man. Indians weren't resistant to these diseases like small pox; therefore, it also contributed to the decline of the Indian's population. Another brutal way was by form of violence. The Whites used Calvary or the ARMY to control the Indians. They also used the revolver, the "six-shooter," something that the Indians didn't have in order t o defend themselves. The factor of violence led to the Indian Wars, which took place during the 1860s-1890s. The first ba...

Oxidation and Reduction Reaction Example Problem

Oxidation and Reduction Reaction Example Problem In an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction, it is often confusing to identify which molecule is oxidized in the reaction and which molecule is reduced. This example problem shows how to correctly identify which atoms undergo oxidation or reduction and their corresponding redox agents. Problem For the reaction:2 AgCl(s) H2(g) → 2 H(aq) 2 Ag(s) 2 Cl-Identify the atoms that undergo oxidation or reduction and list the oxidizing and reducing agents. Solution The first step is to assign oxidation states to each atom in the reaction. AgCl:Ag has a 1 oxidation stateCl has a -1 oxidation stateH2 has an oxidation state of zeroH has a 1 oxidation stateAg has an oxidation state of zero.Cl- has a -1 oxidation state. The next step is to check what happened to each element in the reaction. Ag went from 1 in AgCl(s) to 0 in Ag(s). The silver atom gained an electron.H went from 0 in H2(g) to 1 in H(aq). The hydrogen atom lost an electron.Cl kept its oxidation state constant at -1 throughout the reaction. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons and reduction involves the gain of electrons.Silver gained an electron. This means the silver was reduced. Its oxidation state was reduced by one. To identify the reduction agent, we must identify the source of the electron. The electron was supplied by either the chlorine atom or the hydrogen gas. Chlorines oxidation state was unchanged throughout the reaction and hydrogen lost an electron. The electron came from the H2 gas, making it the reduction agent. Hydrogen lost an electron. This means the hydrogen gas was oxidized. Its oxidation state was increased by one.The oxidation agent is found by finding where the electron went in the reaction. Weve already seen how hydrogen gave an electron to silver, so the oxidation agent is the silver chloride. Answer For this reaction, hydrogen gas was oxidized with the oxidizing agent being silver chloride. Silver was reduced with the reducing agent being H2 gas.

Analyze and discuss the article The Case for Contamination by Kwame Essay

Analyze and discuss the article The Case for Contamination by Kwame Anthony Appiah (from a religious perspective) - Essay Example In this regard, I believe it is important to understand the differences between religious and cultural beliefs, rather than to quickly gloss them over in favor of a unitarian belief that ignores the actual teachings of the religions themselves. For example, by learning the specific characteristics of Islam - submission, prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, etc. – and understanding them historically as they relate to the development of unique schools of thought, ritual, and practice, we can understand the religion in a way that truly appreciates it as a cultural value system. What may appear as uniting in post-modern society can result in a further weakening of religion. This can be viewed as a modernization of religious belief, but it also illustrates the way that secular values can dilute and destroy religious diversity by posing all ideas in a supermarket of choices where all philosophies are packaged and sold equally, to anybody, but nobody really cares what is on the inside of the box. Thus, this essay will review the position of Kwame Anthony Appiah in the NYT article â€Å"The Case for Contamination,† analyzing the author’s call for multicultural unity, while searching for ways that this process can lead to greater understanding of religious diversity and uniqueness, rather than a dilution of religious belief into a secular paradigm dominated by the values of the marketplace. â€Å"In the past couple of years, Unesco's members have spent a great deal of time trying to hammer out a convention on the ‘protection and promotion’ of cultural diversity. (It was finally approved at the Unesco General Conference in October 2005.) The drafters worried that ‘the processes of globalization. . .represent a challenge for cultural diversity, namely in view of risks of imbalances between rich and poor countries.’ The fear is that the values and images of Western mass culture, like some invasive weed, are threatening to choke out t he world's native flora.† (Appiah, 2006) Appiah defines the position that he is reacting to as related to the UNESCO goal of the protection and promotion of cultural diversity. Appiah chides UNESCO, as if there really is no threat to indigenous culture, as if we were really not losing our cultural diversity globally in a manner similar to and driven by the same modern economic forces that has caused us to lose our natural biodiversity. The protection of endangered species and biodiversity is an extension and continuation of the protection of cultural diversity through multiculturalism. These two are joined in activism and in sharing a philosophical foundation. What Appiah posits as his ideal in contrast to traditional values is Cosmopolitanism, and in doing so I am afraid that he elevates the superficial aspects of the modern economic and social system to an undeserved place as an ideal. Traditional religious belief systems contain feudal, primitive, and even pre-historic aspe cts of our cultural heritage, with Buddhist teachings, the Vedas, and the Bible going back to the earliest days of recorded

MEA and PTE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MEA and PTE - Research Paper Example Ford is also one of the largest automobile producers of automobile in the international market. Social: The social issues faced by Ford and the automobile industry are mainly related to the cultural values and codes reflected by the organization. Goerzen & Beamish (2008) noted that the growing population and the demand for better transportation system has increased the scope of business for automobile firms. However, the increased cost of living and the rising fuel prices are major worries for the consumers in context of purchasing automobiles. Technological: Technology is one of the driving forces of the business firms in the existing scenario. The growth and development of technological aspects has allowed the organizations to expand their market space over internet and also enhance their operational performance with the help of robotics (Morris, Schindehutte & Allen, 2011). However, the opportunity cost of the firms is increasing and the technicality in the operations is also reducing the control of the management on the production functions of the company. Economical: The economical condition of the international market place was largely shaken with the recent global financial crisis of 2007-08. Amidst these economical instabilities, Ford was already facing financial crisis as their profits were falling (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011). Apart from these, other economical complexities include currency fluctuation, taxation, government policies, etc are also major economic hurdles for the company in the international market. Environmental: The environmental concerns for the automobile organizations are growing rapidly. With the increased demand for vehicles, companies such as Ford have also increased their production process resulting in increased energy usage and creation of industrial waste which is hampering the natural environment. Moreover, the amplified amount of

Duke Basketball :: essays research papers

There are 12240 students at Duke University, and every year 12 out of those 12240 are put on a mission. The expectations are far above the ground, these 12 men and their coaching staff are called the Duke University Blue Devils basketball team. Year after year their mission is to bring home an NCAA basketball national championship trophy. Three of 84 teams at Duke University have reached their goal by winning a national championship. Duke is one of the nations best known basketball programs. Just eight miles away from Dukes campus, one of their toughest competitors and arch enemy, the University of North Carolina Tar Heels. The Duke ? UNC rivalry is one of the best in sports, they are usually one of the top teams in the nation. Duke is the forth- winningest program in the nation (1799-792). Under Coach Mike Krzyzweski they have become the winnigest program in the country (648-167). Coach K as they call him, has brought all 3 national championships to Durham, North Carolina (1991, 1992, 2001). Duke basketball dates back to when they were Trinity College, the name was later changed in 1923 to Duke University. Trinity never was as high-quality of a team as Duke has been in the last 20 years. Trinity won 48 games in the 65 years of their existence. In Dukes early years the basketball program did not triumph as in recent years. At the time the power sport at Duke was football. In 1949 a change came when a young man named Dick Groat came around, he became the star of the Blue Devil basketball and baseball team. Groat wasn?t recruited to play basketball he was on an athletic scholarship for baseball. None the less, he was elected as an All- American in 1951 and 1952 for his basketball talents. Unfortunately, he was never able to lead either of his teams to a championship. His basketball number (10) was retired, and now hangs on the ceiling of Cameron Indoor Stadium. The 1980?s rolled around and the ?Cameron Crazies? (Duke Basketball fans) felt as if there were no hope for their Blue Devils basketball program, but that?s where they were wrong. Along came what is arguably the greatest coach to step foot on a basketball court, Coach Mike Krzyzewski. Coach K has had unprecedented success at Duke, winning three national championships, and making Duke the powerhouse basketball school that they are today.

Report on Consumer Behavior of Soft Drinks Essay

INTRODUCTION Need for the study With the economic liberalization in India a number of global companies have been coming forward to invest in India and tapping perhaps and world’s biggest growing market. As the floodgates have been opened up for Multinational Companies, the global giant Coca-cola also decided to make an entry into the Indian market. In India, the per capita consumption of soft drinks is at rock bottom level even less than our neighboring countries Pakistan and Bangladesh, where it is four times as much. The last summer was particularly sweltering one, with temperatures hitting the high 40’s in some places yet; bottles were disappearing from shelves faster than they could be replaced. In the peak season, they found themselves short of capacity and having to turn around their trucks faster and faster to slake the greater Indian thirst. With growth rates zooming into the double digits, bottlers have been propelled into expanding capacities. With their big-time plans, the multinationals have changed the face of this business, long dominated by small-time businessmen. If demand continues to increase annually at an average of 20 percent, then volumes could reach one billion cases within ten years. 4 These arc ambitious targets and to reach them the cola makers will have to build capacity, infrastructure, make their bottlers more available and more affordable. There are 5. 00,000 retailers stocking soft drinks in India. Also, soft drinks which retail at any where between Rs. 9. 00 and Rs. 12. 00 are expensive when measured against purchasing power. As they concoct their strategies, keeping an eye on each other all the time, ultimately there’s only one guy they have to watch out for, who will determine their fortunes: the consumer. The real race to quench his thirst has just begun 5 Objectives of the study †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ To study about the consumer preference with regard to soft drink To study about the consumer perception with regard Coca — Cola To understand the Promotional Strategies To find out the medium which is most effective in reaching the consumers? 6 Research methodology. Data will be collected from a sample size 1000 and distributed over different areas by using simple Random Sampling. Random Sampling consists of 1. Demographic Segmentation 2. Sociocultural Segmentation 3. Use-Related Segmentation 4. Use-Situation Segmentation Analysis 1. Data Analysis is done both qualitatively and quantitatively. 2. The analysis is presented pictographically using bar graphs PERIOD OF THE STUDY: The period of the study is past one year 7 Scope of the study The new economic policies of the Govt. of India adopted in the mid eighties were given further impetus by the early nineties. The Indian market has undergone considerable changed as a direct consequence of many of these policies and soft drink industry is no exception to this. Keeping the above – mentioned perspective in the background, the researcher has selected soft drink market, since the marketing task his became more challenging and intensive competition has opened up new vistas. Companies are evolving marketing strategies by studying the demands of the market place increasingly penetrating into appropriate market segments introducing differentiated products to improve their market share. The soft drink market has achieved an accelerated growth in the past decade. Soft drinks include ail types of non – alcohol carbonated flavored or otherwise sweetened beverages. The entry of Pepsi and the reentry of Coca – Cola in the India market arc inevitably facing stiff competition but the ultimate winner is customer/consumer. This has led the researcher to study me perception of consumers towards different brands of soft drinks and to gauge out the 8 promotional strategic being adopted by the marketers to lure promiscuous buyers and win a larger share in the markets. The cola wars are intensifying and bringing manifold changes in the soft drink industry. The researcher has conducted a detailed survey, interpreting the responses to study the perception of the consumers. Now the people with changing life styles and increase in income levels have made the soft drink a common man drink. Liven through the existing system of marketing of soft drink has not tapped such a big market in the interiors of the country specially the rural areas, as marketing in the suburban and rural areas is developing slowly. Despite the soft drink industry is growing at a very healthy pace and stands at 18% per annum. The market for cool drinks comprises of adults in the 35 years age group who are largest consumers of the soft drink in the country followed by young adults in the age group of 15-25 years and children in the age group of 614 years hence, companies must develop their product and marketing slraleiues to suit their needs. Limitations of the study 1. The study is conducted with in the confines of the twin cities 2. The study made use of both the primary and secondary sources of information. The accuracy and authenticity of statistics depends of the accuracy of the second 9 source itself. Therefore, the limitation of the secondary source is also bound to be present in the analysis too. 3. In spite of all the care taken to translate the feelings and opinions of the respondents, the errors might creep into the study, may be because of the reason that consumers may fail to articulate their feelings properly. 4. Due to lack of time and finances, the sample size is confined to hundred only. The method adopted for sampling is convenient. Therefore, size and method implications are bound to be present in the findings. Hence, the findings cannot be taken for granted for generalization for the whole population. Study is confined to consumers belonging to age group between 20 — 25 years 10 CHAPTER-II COMPANY PROFILE 11 COMPANY PROFILE 2. 1 INDUSTRY PROFILE Soft drinks are typical and necessary consumer products, which are generally consumed by the individuals to quench the thirst and for a good flavour, and it is considered to be the symbol of social status. The two main reasons, which classify the soft drinks under consumer products, are their easy availability and their reasonable high degree standardization. Among the listed consumer goods (i. e. , perishable items) soft drinks is considered nonessential and as a luxury item. Soft drinks can be classified into two broad categories- carbonated drinks and noncarbonated drinks. Both have enormous market. In case of carbonated beverages the effectiveness of carbon-dioxide is the main factor in determining the quality. Cola, leman and orange are carbonated drinks while mango drinks come under non-carbonated category. A prolonged visible and sparking effervescence is sought after to produce soda taste in such drinks. The basic constituents of soft drinks are water, sweeteners, acidulates, flavorings, colorings, foaming agents and preservatives. The soft drink market is dominated by a few brands. Coca Cola and Pepsi products for example. 12 Soft drink industry in India has witnessed phenomenal growth in the recent past, particularly after the exit of Coca-Cola. The exit of Coca-Cola from India during the late seventies gave a bolter scope to several Indian soft drink companies to grow. These were a rapid growth in this industry but each one aggressively competed with one another to capture a major share in the market. The competition was very high even in terms of advertising. The perishable items like soft drinks need a lot of advertisement, as they are not necessary for the consumer. Most of the consumer consume just for fun & refreshment purpose and not and for nay other special reason. For that reason the soft drink marketers concentrate more on the advertisement part and they keep on designing new advertisements, which conquer the heart of the consumer. They take special care in casting the popular figures. These soft drink markets also include some offers like tours to someplace and so on. These soft drink companies will sponsor for many of the sport events in order to have good edge over the competitor as per as the publicity is considered. SOFT DRINK 1NDUSTR Y IN INDIA The entry of carbonated soil drink into the Indian soil is relatively new. The credit for introducing branded soil drink goes to pure drinks private Ltd, Delhi. Later this company became the franchised bottler of Coca – Cola export corporation. Accordingly, in 1950, Coca – Cola made its first debut in the Indian market. This 13 is the story about the origin of soft drinks in India. After Coca — Cola, Pepsi entered into the market. The exit of Pepsi made coke the undisputed leader in the soft drinks market. This company too was forced to leave India due to its non compliance with the rules and regulations of the Government in 1977. The exit of coke becomes a boom to national manufactures and all the players started increasing their business. Among the many national players like pure drinks Me Dowels, Modem foods, Spencer’s and parley, Parle emerged as the leader in the Indian soft drink market. It is believed that by the end of 1989. Parle captured more than 75% of the national soft drink market. In 1990. Pepsi rccntcrcd India and started making more noise in the market. All the same, it grabbed considerable market share from parley. Besides this. Coke also reentered India after 16 years of exile, fearing that, it cannot cling to its market leadership. Parle sold itself to Coca 1993. By buying over local competition the two American Cola giant share cleared up the arena and are packing all their power behind building the Indian franchise of their global girdling brands. If Pepsi invests Rs. 300 core, Coke will be investing more than that and vice versa. The total investment is of a size and scale that the Rs. 3048 cork soft drink businesses have never seen before. Both players see enormous potential in this country. Where swigging a carbonated beverage is still considered a treat virtually a luxury. Consequently by world standards India’s per capita consumption of three servings is rock bottom less even 14 Cola for $40 Million November, than over neighbors Pakistan and Bangladesh. Where is four times as much so, the cola giants feel that per caps can only go up and up. As incomes improve so do life styles a pattern they have seen in many of the 195 countries they sell their universal products. HISTORY OF COCA – COLA ATLANTA BEGINNINGS (1868 – 1892): It was 1886 in NEW YORK harbor, workers are constructing the statue of the liberty. 800 miles away another great symbol was about to be unveiled. Like many people who change the history, JOHAN PEMBHRTON, a civil war veteran & Atlanta pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. He loved tinkering with medicinal formulas, and one afternoon, searching for a quick cure for head aches, his stipend up a fragrant Carmel colored liquid in a three legged pot. When it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacob’s pharmacy. I Icrc. the mixture was combined with carbonated water and sampled by customers who all agreed this new drink was something special. So Jacob’s pharmacy put it on sale for five cents a glass. PEMBERTON’S book keeper FRANK ROBINSON named the mixture COCA – COLA and wrote it out in his distinct script. To this day, COCA – COLA is written in the, same way. In this first year the company sold about 9 glasses of coca cola a day. A century later the coca-cola company has produced over ten billion gallons of syrup. Unfortunately for Pemberton, he was more of an inventor than a businessman and had no idea that the had invented one of the greatest products of the world. Over 15 the course of 3 years 1881 – 1891. Pemberton sold the company to Atlanta businessman Asa Griggs Candlcr for the total of about $ 2300. Candlcr would become the company’s first president and the first to bring real vision to the business and the brand. BEYOND A TLANTA (1893 – 1904) : As a Candler, a natural born salesman transformed Coca Cola from invention to a business. Lie knew there were thirsty people out there and Candler found brilliant and innovative ways to introduce them to this exciting new refreshment. He gave away coupons for complimentary first tastes of Coca — Cola brand. People saw (‘oca – Cola every where and the aggressive promotion worked. By 1895, Candler had built syrup plants in Chicago, Dallas and Los Angeles. Inevitably, the soda’s popularity led to a demand for it to be enjoyed in new ways. In 1894. a Mississippi businessman named Joseph Bernhard became the first to put the drink in bottles. He sent of them to Candler, who responded without enthusiasm. Despite being a brilliant and innovative businessman, he didn’t realize then that the heart of Coca- Cola would be with portable, bottled beverage customers could take anywhere. He still didn’t realize it five years later when in 1899, two Chattanooga lawyers, Benjamin. Thomas and Joseph b. Whitehead secured exclusive rights from him to bottle and sell the beverage lor the sum of one dollar. SAFEGAURD1NG THEBKANOfl905-1918) : 16 Imitation may be the sincerest of flattery, but the Coca – Cola Company was none too pleased about the proliferation of copycat beverages taking the advantage of its success. This was great brand. Both needed to be protected. Advertising focused on the authenticity of Coca – Cola, urging can summers to â€Å"demand the genuine† and â€Å"accept no substitute†. The company also created a distinct bottle shape to assure people they were actually getting a real Coca -Cola. In 1916, the Root glass company of Treat, Indiana began manufacturing the famous contour bottle. The counter bottle for its attractive appearance, original design and the fact that, even in the drink, you could identify the genuine article. As the country roared into the new century, the Coca Cola Company grew rapidly moving into Cuba. Puerto Rico, France and other countries. In 1900 there were two bottles of Coca Cola, by 1920, there would be about 1000. THE WOODRUFF LEGACY: Perhaps no person has more impact on the Coca – Cola company the Robert Woodruff In 1923, five years after his father Ernest purchased the company from Asa Candler, Woodruff become the company president. While Candler had introduced the U. S. Coca – Cola, he would nearly spend 60 years as company leader introducing the beverage to the world beyond. Woodruff was marketing genius who saw opportunities for expansion every where the captivated foreign markets with his innovative campaigns. Coca Cola traveled with the U. S. team to the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics to the logo was emblazed on racing dog sleds in Canada & the walls of bull fighting arenas in Spain. He pushed 17 development & distribution of the six-pack, the open top cooler and all innovations that made it easier for people to drink Coca Cola. When it became clear to the company that housewives would be more inclined top buy six-packs they could open easily at home, women were sent door to door, installing branded Coca Cola openers, this is exactly the kind of â€Å"out side the box'† thinking that Cola not just a huge thrived under Woodruffs leadership and it made Coca success, but a big party of people’s lives. THE WAR & ITS LEGACY: In 1941 America entered into World War II thousands of men & women were sent overseas. The country & Coca – Cola rallied behind them. Woodruff ordered that every man in uniform gets a bottle of Coca – Cola for 5 cents, wherever he is, whatever it cost the company 1943, General Dwight D. Eisenhower sent urgent cablegram to Coca – Cola requesting shipment of materials for 10 bottling plant. During the war many Europeans enjoyed their first taste of beverage and when peace finally came, Coca – Cola be placed within †arm’s reach desire'†, was coming true from the rnidf-40’s until 1960, the number of countries with bottling operations nearly doubled. Post war America alive with optimism & prosperity. Coca – Cola was a part of fun, carefree America lifestyle & the imagery of its advantage happy couples at the drive in, carefree moms driving are yellow convertibles reflection of the spirit of the limes. A WORLD Or CUSTOMERS (1960- 1981): 18 is a wonderful After 75 years of amazing success with brand Coca – Cola, the company decided to expand with new flavors sprite in 1961, TAB in 1963 and Fresco in 1966. The company’s presence worldwide was growing rapidly year after year, Coca Cola found a home in more & more places. Cambodia, Montserrat, Puce, Turkey &. more advertising for Coca – Cola always an important & exciting part of its business really came into its own in the 70’s and reflects a brand totally in tune with fun, playfulness and freedom. The international appeal of Coca- Cola was embodied buy 1971 commercial, where a group of young people from all over the world gathered on a hill top in Italy to sing â€Å"I’d like to buy the world a coke†. In 1978, the (‘oca Cola Company was selected as the only company allowed selling packaged cold drinks in the peoples Republic of China. DIETCOKESA NEWCOKE (1982 – 1989): The 80’s the era of legwarmers, head bands and the fitness craze and a time of much change and innovation at the Coca – Cola Company. In 1981. Roberto C. Goizucta became chairman of the board of directors & CEO of the Coca- Cola Company. He who fled Castro’s Cuba in 1961. completely overhauled the company with a strategy he called â€Å"intelligent risk taking† among his bold moves was organizing the numerous U. S. bottling operations into a new public company, Coca Cola enterprises, Inc.he also released diet coke, the very first extension of Cola trade mark within two years, it had become top low calorie drink Cola. One of Goi/ueta’s other the Coca in the world, second in success only to Coca 19 incentives in 1985, was the release of new taste for Coca Cola, the first change in formulation in 99 years. In taste people loved the new formula. In the real world they had a deep emotional attachment to the original and they had a deep emotional attachment to the original and they bagged and pleaded to get it back. Critics called it the biggest marketing blunder ever. But Goizueta, as Warren Buffet once said, had a knack for turning † lemins into lemonade†. The original formula was return to the market as Coca increase its lead over the competition Cola classic, the product began to a lead that continues to this day. COCA – COLA NOW (1990 – NOW) : In 1886. Coca – Cola brought thrilling refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well at 2nt century, the company’s goal is to provide that magic every time, in 200 countries, with each of it’s 230+ and ever growing brands. Coca – Cola has customers from Boston to Bahrain, drinking brands like Ambassa, Veitabela and freseolita. In the remotest corners of the globe, you can still find Coca Cola. In February 2000, Doug Daft was named company chairman. Coca – Cola a huge international company, but Draft’s vision is to have the company operate as a collection of smaller, locally run business. â€Å"No one†, Daft points out, â€Å"decides to enjoy one of our products globally†. T hat’s why Coca– Cola committed to local markets, to paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink and where and how they want to drink, livery ten seconds. 1. 26,00 people choose to reach for one of the Coca. 20 Cola company brands & it is the company’s mission to make the choice exiling & satisfying every single time. COCA – COLA IN INDIA MARKET: Coca – Cola has started its operation in Indian market in October 1993. This has been its reentry in the India market after withdrawal of its operation in 1970s. The Indian market offers a strong consumer potential as majority of the population is in middle class category which is a strong consumer base for any FMCG company like Coca – Cola to float its range of products. Coca– Cola has acquired the soft drink brands like Thumps Up, Gold spot, l.imea. Maa/a, Bisleri soda etc which were floated by parle as these products have achieved a strong consumer base and formed a brand image in Indian market during the reentry of Coca range of products of Coca Cola in 1993. Thus these products became a part of Cola. MISSION Or COCA – COLA : Provide â€Å"clients† with appropriate â€Å"systems solutions† for â€Å"effective & profitable† business use adopting a † quality management approach† maintains a †competitive edge† with the help of latest and user friendly information technology. VISION OF COCA – COLA : To be a proactive & service oriented business partner for influencing change & contributing to increase share owner value through a dedicated & creative team. 21 OBJECTIVE OF COCA ~ COLA : To develop a business strategy for systems implementation which is â€Å"simple, effective & practiced'† to execute in a timely manner for bottling system. CHAPTER-III THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ABOUT THE TOPIC 22 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ABOUT THE TOPIC Consume r Behaviour, The Marketing Process and Models of Consumer Decision-making Psychological influences: the consumer as an individual Perception, motivation, learning, attitudes, attitude change and persuasive communications Social and cultural influences: the consumer as a group member. Group influence and opinion leadership; reference group influence; social class and economic influences, lifestyles, ethnic, religious, age and regional groups The consumer as a decision maker Individual decision-makin g, demographics and household decision making; personality, self-concept and sex roles, purchase and post-purchase â€Å"Some issues that arise during stages in the consumption process† Consumer’s perspective 23 CONSUM BEHAVIO ER UR â€Å"A model in this context is a representation of Consumer Behaviour. The aim is to provide a simplified portrayal of consumer processes to aid our description, explanation and control of buying behaviour†. Types of consumer behaviour models: †¢ Black Box models †¢ Personal variable models †¢ Personal †¢ Engel, Blackwell and Minored †¢ Howard-Sheath †¢ Nicosia Perhaps the most useful set of categories is that of low, medium or high level models. In this case the level refers to the level of complexity – so a low level model would be a relatively simple representation of the phenomenon while a Simple models 24 high level model of the same event would be much more complex and detailed and include more variables. In the marketing context the modeling approach has two key objectives: 1. description, explanation, prediction (and ultimately control of consume behaviors) and/or 2. Aiding researchers in their task of developing ‘better’ hypotheses and theories about the relationships and processes involved in consumer behaviour Models can be evaluated against their ability to satisfy either or both of these objectives. Study on Consumer Behaviour 25 SIM PLE M ODELS OF CONSUM BEHAVIOUR ER Lower level or simple models, in contrast, fall into three broad categories – black box models, decision process models and personal variable models. Black Box models – do not consider internal variables. They focus on inputs and outputs without concerning themselves with the intervening mental processes, which might determine the outcomes. Decision process models – attempt a simple description of the stages consumers’ progress through in reaching purchasing decisions. Most are variations on the classic problem solving/decision making process of: Define problem generate alternative solutions – evaluate alternatives – decide – implement monitor. These approaches give a sound basis for marketers seeking to devise strategies that are appropriate for each stage. Inevitably they are not strong on explanation or prediction without considerable elaboration, which makes them, falls into the comprehensive model category. Personal variable models – the personal variable models omit external variables. So these models focus on the mental processes of decision-making – internal elements and processes such as perception, motivation, beliefs and values. One classic example of the personal variable model is the fisheye model, summarized as A, = B, o, 26 Where A0 = the attitude towards object o8, = the strength of belief about o a, = the evaluation aspects of 6 n = the number of beliefs Study on Consumer Behaviour Individual Determinants of Consumer Behaviors Psychological Factors Influencing The Buying Decision Process â€Å"Psychological factors operating within individuals partly determine people’s general Behaviour and thus influence their behaviour as consumers. The primary psychological influences on consumer behaviour are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Perceptions Motives Ability and knowledge Attitudes Personality Even though these psychological factors operate internally, it will become apparent that consumers are also very much affected by social forces outside the individual† CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: LEARNING AND MEMORY Learning is a change in behaviour that is caused by experience. 27 Learning can occur through simple associations between a stimulus and response, or via a complex series of cognitive activities Behavioral learning theories assume that learning occurs responses to Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus that naturally elicits a response (an unconditioned stimulus) is paired with another stimulus that does not initially elicit this response. Over time, the second stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) comes to elicit the response as well Study on Consumer Behavior This response can also extend to other, similar stimuli in a process known as stimulus generalization. This process is the basis for such marketing strategies as licensing and family branding, where a consumer’s positive associations with a product are transferred Operant or instrumental conditioning Occurs as the person learns to perform behaviour that produce positive outcomes. While classical learning to other contexts, outcomes and avoid those that result in negative conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli, instrumental occurs when reinforcement is delivered following a response to a stimulus. Reinforcement is positive if a reward is delivered following a response. It is negative if a negative outcome is avoided by not performing a response. Punishment occurs when a response is followed by unpleasant events. 28 Extinction of the behaviour will occur if reinforcement is no longer received. Cognitive learning occurs as a result of mental processes. For example, observational learning takes place when the consumer performs behaviour as a result of seeing someone else performing and being rewarded for it. Memory refers to the storage of learning information. The way when it is perceived determines how it will be known as sensory memory, role in retaining information is encoded stored in memory. The memory systems short-term memory, and long-term memory each play a and processing information from the outside world. Information is not stored in isolation: it is incorporated into knowledge structures, where it is associated with other related data. The location of product information in associative networks and the level of abstraction at when and how this information will influence the likelihood of salience (or which it is coded, help to determine be activated at a later time. Some factors that retrieval include the level of familiarity with an item, its prominence) in memory, and whether the information was presented in pictorial or written form. 29 Products also play a role as memory markers: they are used by consumers to retrieve memories about past experiences (autobiographical memories) and are often valued for their ability to do this. This function also contributes to the use of nostalgia in marketing strategies. Memory for product information can be measured through either recognition or Recall techniques. Consumers are more likely to recognize an advertisement if it is presented to them than to recall one without being given any cues. † (See Solomon 1994 137-138) Learning theories. Marketing and Involvement Theory Examples of low involvement Examples of high involvement Free sample of hair shampoo delivered Faced with mounting debts, individual through front door and stored in responds to advertisement offering bathroom. When usual shampoo runs to solve the problems with a single out, trial pack is used, found acceptable loan. Learns the cost of borrowing and purchased (or not). From loan sharks A positive emotional response is the generation of higher-order Generated by the use of a particulate conditioning allows the customer to Classical pop tune. This becomes associated have positive feelings about a Conditioning with a product, even though the product, which may be more person alternatives, does not consciously pay expensive than e. g. attention to the advertising luxury goods. 30 A common brand of baked beans id Clothes purchased and worn give Operant purchased. They taste ‘OK 1 . The rise to numerous complements, conditioning consumer continues to purchase that Further cloths of the same label are brand bought. An individual learns that Amstrad Keen cooks learn about various Iconic rote makes personal computers without makes of kitchen knives by careful learning ever consciously focusing on PCs or reading of Study on advertisements with they Amstrads advertisements find enjoyable Consumer Behaviour The Guardian’ unavailable at Commuter, distressed by daily Insight newsagents when on holiday, difficulties with parking decides to learning Customer buys ‘the Independent’ purchase mountain bike to solve the instead problem Consumer spots ‘low salt, low sugar’ Consumers as a family, having won Latent beans on the supermarket shelf, the pools, decide that they can now learning Remembers healthy eating afford their ‘dream car. Choose advertisements and purchases tin model they have always wanted A child learns parental roles by Individual observes reaction to a Vicarious observation but without really friend s new style sutt before deciding learning thinking about it to purchase Car taken to garage for service. Commuter finds level of smoke Customer offered a new higher-Experimental pollution on upper deck of bus too powered model to use for 31 the day-learning offensive to tolerate and decides to Impressed by the car, the consumer travel on lower deck decides to move up the range when the time comes to change car. Consumer Decision Processes The most common, everyday problem solving sequence is: 32 33 In the marketing context, Engel, Blackwell and Minored suggest that this becomes: S Information search S Evaluate alternatives S Purchase and Outcomes Stage I: Information Search The first step in this stage is often internal memory search to establish whether the individual possesses enough information about the available options to make a decision without further action. In low involvement consumer decisions this may often be the case, but external search is more usual with high involvement purchases. Opinion leadership and word-of-mouth communication will be significant at this stage, as well as the more formal marketing and advertising messages. Similarly, past learning, stored in the memory system, is shown to be a significant source even in extended problem solving situations. The information search stage is also affected strongly by individual differences and environmental factors e.g. the traits and orientation of some individual’s means that they have the personality characteristic of caution – such people will tend to conduct extensive and detailed information search. Similarly families and reference groups are likely to make significant contributions to the amount and style of search conducted. 34 Many of our decisions are often made on less than complete information. The important point is that the purchaser feels that enough information has been gathered. Study on Consumer Behavior In the light of the differences between high and low involvement purchasing, the perception of the value of continued search is likely to be significantly higher in high involvement decisions. The external search is dominated by marketing messages and the information so gathered should be fed into the memory system via processes similar to the research on Perception: Exposure Attention Comprehension.

Meaningful Life Lessons We Learn From Teachers at School

Teachers spend a lot of time with their students throughout the course of the year. They are influential by nature and often take advantage of opportunities to teach life lessons when they present themselves. Life lessons taught by teachers have made a lasting impact on many students. In many cases, sharing these life lessons can have a far greater impact than teaching standard based content. Teachers often use both direct and indirect opportunities to incorporate life lessons. Directly, there are natural components of schooling that lead to learning life lessons. Indirectly, teachers often take advantage of what they refer to as teachable moments to expand topics or to discuss aspects of life that are brought up by students during class. 20. You Will Be Held Accountable for Your Actions Student discipline is a major component in any classroom or school. There is a certain set of rules or expectations by which everyone is expected to follow. Choosing not to adhere to them will result in disciplinary action. Rules and expectations exist in all facets of life, and there are always consequences when we push the limits of those rules. 19. Hard Work Pays Off Those who work the hardest typically achieve the most. Teachers understand that some students are more naturally gifted than others, but even the most gifted student will not achieve much if they are lazy. It is nearly impossible to be successful at anything if you are not willing to work hard. 18. You Are Special This is a core message that every teacher should drive home to every student. We all have our unique talents and qualities that make us special. Too many children feel inadequate and unimportant. We should strive to ensure that all students believe that they matter. 17. Make the Most of Each Opportunity Opportunities present themselves on a regular basis throughout our lives. How we choose to respond to those opportunities can make all the difference in the world. Learning is a significant opportunity for children across this country. It is essential for teachers to convey the message to students that each day presents a new opportunity to learn something new. 16. Organization Matters A lack of organization can lead to chaos. Students who are organized have a much greater chance of being successful later on in life. This is a skill that begins early on. One way that teachers can drive home the importance of organization is to hold students accountable for how their desk and/or locker looks on a regular basis. 15. Pave Your Own Path Ultimately, every person determines his or her future through decision making over a long period of time. It is easy for experienced adults to look back and see exactly how we paved the path that led us to where we are today. This is an abstract concept for students and teachers should spend time discussing how our decisions and work ethic at even a young age can shape our future. 14. You Cannot Control Who Your Parents Are Parents have the largest influence on any child. In some cases, this influence may be negative in nature. However, most parents want the best for their children although they may not know how to give it to them. It is vital that teachers let their students know that they have the capability to control their own future, making different decisions than their parents, which can lead to a better life. 13. Remain True to Yourself Ultimately it does not matter what others think about you. Making a decision based on what someone else wants almost always turns out to be the wrong decision. Teachers must convey the message of believing in you, trusting your instincts, setting goals, and reaching those goals without personal compromise. 12. You Can Make a Difference We are all potential change agents, meaning we have the potential to make differences in the lives of those around us. Teachers demonstrate this directly on a daily basis. They are there to make a difference in the lives of the children they are charged to teach. They can teach students how they can make a difference by incorporating different projects such as a canned food drive, cancer fundraiser, or another community project. 11. Remain Trustworthy Being trustworthy means that those around you believe that you will tell the truth, keep secrets (so long as they do not put others in danger), and will carry out tasks that you have promised to do. Teachers drive home the concepts of honesty and loyalty on a daily basis. It is a core part of any classroom rules or expectations. 10. Structure Is Critical Some students will initially reject a structured classroom, but ultimately they will come to enjoy it and even crave it when it is not there. A structured classroom is a safe classroom where teaching and learning are maximized. Providing students with a structured learning environment can show students that having structure in their life is a positive aspect that they need more of. 9. You Have the Greatest Control of Your Destiny Many people believe that their destiny is dictated by the situation in which they inherited by birth. Nothing could be further from the truth. Every person controls his own destiny once they reach a certain age. Teachers fight this misconception all the time. For example, many students believe that they cannot go to college because their parents did not go to college. This is a cycle that schools work hard to break. 8. Mistakes Provide Valuable Learning Opportunities The greatest lessons in life result because of failures and it is the lessons learned from those mistakes that help make us whom we become. Teachers teach this life lesson on a daily basis. No student is perfect. They make mistakes, and it is a teachers job to ensure that their students understand what the mistake was, how to fix it, and to give them strategies to ensure that those mistakes are not repeated. 7. Respect Has to Be Given to Be Received Good teachers lead by example. They give their students respect knowing that the majority of the students will, in turn, give them respect back. Teachers often have students who come from backgrounds where little respect is expected or given in the home. School may be the only place where respect is given and expected to be given back. 6. Differences Should Be Embraced Bullying is one of the largest problems in schools today often resulting because of perceived differences that make some students an easy target based on how they look or act. The world is full of unique and different people. These differences, no matter what they are, should be embraced and accepted. Many schools now incorporate learning opportunities into their daily lessons to teach kids how to respect individual differences. 5. There Are Aspects of Life That Are Beyond Our Control The process of school is one big lesson on this. Many students, especially older ones, do not want to go to school but go because they are required by law. Once they get there, they are learning lessons created by a teacher with little to no student ownership. These lessons are being taught because of state-directed standards. Life is no different. There are many aspects of our life with which we have little control. 4. Bad Decisions Lead to Serious Consequences Not every poor decision will lead to a bad consequence, but some of them will. You may get away with something once or twice, but you will eventually be caught. Decision making is a critical life lesson. Students should be taught to think each decision through, never make a decision in haste, and be prepared to live with the consequences associated with that decision. 3. Good Decisions Lead to Prosperity Making smart decisions is critical to individual success. A series of poor decisions can quickly lead to a road of failure. Making a good decision does not necessarily mean it is the easiest decision. In some cases, it is going to be the harder decision. Students must be rewarded, recognized, and praised for good decision making as often as possible. Teachers can help make good decision making a habit that will follow students throughout their life. 2. Working Together Cooperatively Benefits Everyone Teamwork is a valuable skill taught in schools. Schools often provide the first opportunities for children to work together with other children who may be different. Working cooperatively is imperative to both  team and individual success. Students must be taught that each individual part working together makes the team successful. However, if one part quits or does not perform adequately, everyone fails. 1. You Can Become Anything It is clichà ©, but it is also a valuable lesson that teachers must never stop teaching. As adults, we know that it is nearly impossible to break a generational rut. However, we should never give up hope that we can reach students and help them break a cycle that has held other family members back for many generations. It is our basic duty to provide hope and belief that they can achieve and become anything.